INTAPP, INC.

INTA · Technology · $3.3B mkt cap · FY2026 filings · · Shallow moat ·

Doesn't clear the bar

Shallow moat
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The five investor questions

65

2022–2026 (latest 5 aligned FYs; v3 window cap 5): revenue $272M to $578M, increasing; diluted EPS -1.63 to -0.52, increasing.

95

Median gross margin 68.2% over 7y, very stable.

0

Median ROIC -21.5%, above the 12% hurdle in 0% of years.

55

Net cash position — no leverage risk.

44

Owner earnings changed trend unclear over up to the ten most recent annual observations, share count n/a.

Price vs. value if growth stopped today

A cautious baseline, not a price target: what the shares may support if normalized owner earnings simply hold steady.

Above value if growth stopped todayBelow value if growth stopped today
No price data
Not reported
Unavailable — insufficient owner-earnings data
Unavailable — insufficient growth-model data
$43.64
No price data

This zero-growth estimate assumes trailing owner earnings persist — unreliable for declining businesses. The recent FY revenue series does not trigger the three-consecutive-declines flag.

Among the current top-score group, the median current price is 243% above the zero-growth estimate across 49 of the current top 50 companies by Moat Score with both values.

Score records captured Oct 17, 2026.

Exactly which 50 companies?

FTNT, IBEX, META, MEDP, MSFT, GOOG, LULU, ANF, IDXX, TXRH, FHI, QLYS, FFIV, ADBE, LLY, MANH, CPRT, VEEV, RMD, GRMN, PCTY, EAT, UI, SSD, MNST, DOCS, LRCX, MCO, NTAP, NVDA, CORT, SFM, MPTI, ULTA, SN, ROL, CTAS, PAYC, IRMD, DECK, MORN, INTU, JKHY, TPR, LGCY, DAL, GWW, ISRG, MPWR, LOPE

Missing a usable price or zero-growth estimate: ANF.

Model details under moat-index@3.0.0: zero-growth multiple 11.1×, capped-growth comparison at no more than 18×; 9% discount rate; high-end growth 0% (capped at 4%) using min(5y revenue CAGR, 5y diluted-EPS CAGR), clamped to 0%–4%; maintenance capex uses min(capex, D&A); abstain when D&A is unavailable. This is a disclosed model range, not intrinsic value as fact.

8 years of fundamentals

The business, in plain English

INTAPP, INC. booked $578M of revenue in FY2026 in the Technology sector and kept 75.8% of it as gross profit — a high-margin business by that measure. After every other cost, −7.1% of each revenue dollar reached the bottom line.

Across the filed record, revenue grew from $187M (FY2020) to $578M (FY2026) — about 20.7% a year compounded over 6 years.

It earned −20.5% on invested capital in the latest filed year, FY2026. Across the full 6-year measurable filed record, median ROIC was −21.5%. Over the v3 recent window (6 measurable filed years), median ROIC was −21.5%. The Returns on Capital filter above scores it 0/100.

INTA's latest filed year, FY2026, doesn't disclose total debt in a form the methodology can use, so current leverage is treated as unmeasured — never assumed to be zero.

Put together: Pricing Power is the strongest of the five filters (95/100) and Returns on Capital the weakest (0/100), which is how INTA lands at 52/100 — a Shallow moat.

This breakdown is generated from the filed numbers and sub-scores above — no outside narrative, no estimates. Where a filing doesn’t disclose an input, the sentence that would need it is omitted instead of guessed.

FY2019–FY2026 · 8 fiscal years, normalized from INTA’s SEC filings

Sales, as filed$578M FY2026
$0$250M$500M201920222026
Revenue kept after cost of goods75.8% FY2026
0%50%201920222026
Standard ROIC or separately labeled Operating ROIC

Exact FY and FY-1 financing invested-capital inputs are required.

Exact FY and FY-1 financing invested-capital inputs are required.

Cash an owner could take out−$25.7M FY2026
−$50M$0201920222026

The explained ROIC gaps have filed inputs but no meaningful positive invested-capital denominator. Other gaps mean the item is not in the filings for that year. The series is never interpolated or estimated. The Table view lists every filed value, including operating and net margins, total debt, and share count.

Flagship explainer

How INTAPP, INC. makes its money

Start with a dollar of revenue and follow what the filing says remains.

revenueBranching filed flows with values and percentages directly labeled. Missing filing concepts are omitted rather than estimated.Revenue$578M · 100%Cost of revenue$140M · 24%Gross profit$438M · 76%Operating income−$40.1M · −7%Income before tax−$37.2M · −6%Income tax$4.1M · 1%Net income−$41.3M · −7%As of 2026-06-30 · 1 SEC filing sourceBuy Like Buffett · buylikebuffett.com

Honest partial: the filing did not provide a normalized tag for Research and development, Selling, general and administrative; those components are omitted, not plugged.

Table alternative
Filed lineValue% of revenueSource
$578M100%
Cost of revenue$140M24%
$438M76%
−$40.1M−7%
Income before tax−$37.2M−6%
Income tax$4.1M1%
−$41.3M−7%
Source: · event Jun 30, 2026 · retrieved Oct 17, 2026 · annual-row source set
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Flagship explainer

What INTAPP, INC. owns — and owes

INTAPP, INC.'s filing tags don't support a full breakdown — here's what is filed:

Table alternative
Filed lineValue% of assetsSource
Total assets$754M100%
Cash and equivalents$163M22%
Stockholders’ equity$318M42%
Source: · event Jun 30, 2026 · retrieved Oct 17, 2026 · annual-row source set

Flagship explainer

What drives INTAPP, INC.’s return on equity?

ROE is five filed business factors multiplied together.

DuPont return on equity factor treeReturn on equity branches into tax burden, interest burden, operating margin, asset turnover, and the equity multiplier.Return on equity−10%Tax burden111%net income ÷ pretax incomeInterest burden93%pretax ÷ operating incomeOperating margin−7%operating income ÷ revenueAsset turnover0.70×revenue ÷ average assetsEquity multiplier1.97×average assets ÷ average equityAs of 2026-06-30 · 1 SEC filing sourceBuy Like Buffett · buylikebuffett.com
DuPont source inputs
InputValueFiscal yearSource
−$41.3MFY2026
Income before tax−$37.2MFY2026
Operating income−$40.1MFY2026
$578MFY2026
Ending assets$754MFY2026
Beginning assets$894MFY2025
$318MFY2026
$520MFY2025
Source: · event Jun 30, 2026 · retrieved Oct 17, 2026 · annual-row source set
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Flagship explainer

Where INTAPP, INC.'s cash went

INTAPP, INC.’s filing does not supply enough provenance-matched cash-flow lines for a truthful flow chart — here’s what is filed:

Table alternative
Filed lineValue% of cash from operationsSource
Cash from operations$147M100%
Depreciation and amortization$17.8M12%
Source: · event Jun 30, 2026 · retrieved Oct 17, 2026 · annual-row source set

Curated 19-manager tier

Who reported holding INTAPP, INC.

Delayed public 13F reports for 2026-Q2—not live positions, trades, or recommendations.

0 holding0 exited18 not holding18/19 resolved1 not retrieved

Named manager positions and quarter-over-quarter changes
ManagerReported positionQuarter-over-quarterFiling accession
Abrams CapitalNo position reportedNo position reported
Akre CapitalNo position reportedNo position reported
Baupost GroupNo position reportedNo position reported
Berkshire HathawayNo position reportedNo position reported
Brave Warrior AdvisorsNo position reportedNo position reported
Dodge & CoxNo position reportedNo position reported
First EagleNo position reportedNo position reported
FundsmithNo position reportedNo position reported
Gardner Russo & QuinnNo position reportedNo position reported
Gates Foundation TrustNo position reportedNo position reported
Mairs & PowerNo position reportedNo position reported
Markel / Markel-GaynerNo position reportedNo position reported
Oakmark / Harris AssociatesNo position reportedNo position reported
Polen CapitalNo position reportedNo position reported
Sequoia / Ruane CunniffNo position reportedNo position reported
Southeastern Asset ManagementNo position reportedNo position reported
Tweedy, BrowneNo position reportedNo position reported
Yacktman Asset ManagementNo position reportedNo position reported
Pershing SquareNot retrievedComparison not retrievedFiling not retrieved

Position size uses shares and filed value from each manager’s 13F. Portfolio weight uses the eligible long-share filing denominator. Changes compare only with the immediately preceding calendar quarter.

Source:
37 SEC filings
  1. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000813917-26-000038 · filed May 15, 2026
  2. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000813917-26-000042 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  3. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000860643-26-000003 · filed May 13, 2026
  4. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000860643-26-000005 · filed Aug 13, 2026
  5. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000905567-26-000002 · filed May 1, 2026
  6. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000905567-26-000003 · filed Aug 11, 2026
  7. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000919574-26-003132 · filed May 15, 2026
  8. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000919574-26-005176 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  9. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001061768-26-000007 · filed May 14, 2026
  10. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001061768-26-000010 · filed Aug 13, 2026
  11. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001096343-26-000044 · filed May 1, 2026
  12. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001096343-26-000065 · filed Jul 31, 2026
  13. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001104659-26-062592 · filed May 15, 2026
  14. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001104659-26-097175 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  15. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001112520-26-000009 · filed May 14, 2026
  16. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001112520-26-000014 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  17. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-001819 · filed May 14, 2026
  18. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-001911 · filed May 14, 2026
  19. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-001966 · filed May 14, 2026
  20. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-002294 · filed May 15, 2026
  21. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-003035 · filed Aug 4, 2026
  22. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-003402 · filed Aug 13, 2026
  23. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-003496 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  24. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-003728 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  25. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-208439 · filed May 6, 2026
  26. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-223352 · filed May 14, 2026
  27. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-226661 · filed May 15, 2026
  28. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-340443 · filed Aug 7, 2026
  29. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-349535 · filed Aug 13, 2026
  30. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-352200 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  31. 13F-HR/A · Q1 2026 · Amendment RESTATEMENTFiling detailsAccession 0001325447-26-000018 · filed May 14, 2026
  32. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001325447-26-000020 · filed Aug 5, 2026
  33. 13F-HR/A · Q2 2026 · Amendment NEW HOLDINGSFiling detailsAccession 0001325447-26-000033 · filed Aug 24, 2026
  34. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001398344-26-009296 · filed May 15, 2026
  35. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001398344-26-014641 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  36. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001569205-26-000005 · filed May 15, 2026
  37. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001569205-26-000012 · filed Aug 14, 2026
· event Jun 30, 2026 · retrieved Oct 17, 2026

Flagship explainer

What INTAPP, INC. insiders reported

Records still being gathered — partial as of retrieval Oct 17, 2026.

Partial coverage: the incomplete Form 4 walk cannot establish no activity, an activity date, or zero counts.

Moat Score history

30 logged readings since Jul 17, 2026 · append-only, never rewritten

Moat Score over timeLast scored reading of each day, on the 0–100 scale51.7 / 100
0406080100WideNarrowShallowNo moatJul 17, 2026Oct 17, 2026

Breaks in the line mark methodology or normalizer upgrades — readings across versions aren’t compared, so a level shift there isn’t a change in the business.

Tier changesSame-methodology and same-normalizer crossings of the Wide / Narrow / Shallow bars

  1. Normalizer upgraded unstamped (version unknown)tomoat-xbrl-normalizer@1.1.0 — readings across versions aren’t comparedJul 26, 2026
  2. Methodology upgraded moat-index@2.0.0tomoat-index@3.0.0 — readings across versions aren’t comparedJul 23, 2026
  3. Methodology upgraded moat-index@1.2.0tomoat-index@2.0.0 — readings across versions aren’t comparedJul 20, 2026

Scores are logged append-only and never overwritten — this record cannot be reconstructed retroactively, which is exactly why it’s worth keeping.

Insider activity

Form 4 reports mix P/S market or private transactions with compensation-plan mechanics. Activity casually described as “insider selling” can include compensation mechanics; awards, tax withholding, and option exercises are shown by their exact filed class here, never collapsed into “Bought” or “Sold.”

These are disclosed filing facts and arithmetic aggregates, not a signal or verdict.

This machine-readable surface covers SEC ownership filings from 2003; it does not represent earlier paper-era records.

Records still being gathered — partial as of retrieval Oct 17, 2026.

Among the rows shown, A/F/M acquisition, payment or withholding, and exercise or conversion rows outnumber S sale rows (75 versus 25). The filing codes alone do not establish that every such row arose from a compensation plan.

Trailing-12-month totals and the 90-day cluster result are withheld because this issuer walk is incomplete.

InsiderShares owned afterDateFiling detail
Jampol ThadChief Product OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock4,800$40.3857$193,851928,585Oct 13, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 4,800 shares at $40.3857 · code S · owned after 928,585 ·
Jampol ThadChief Product OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock200$40.005$8,001933,385Oct 12, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 200 shares at $40.005 · code S · owned after 933,385 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 1 paired event3,000$7.45$22,3505,817,808Oct 12, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $7.45 · code M · owned after 5,817,808 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock3,000$40.00$120,0005,814,808Oct 12, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $40.00 · code S · owned after 5,814,808 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) · 1 paired event3,000—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—58,000Oct 12, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy): 3,000 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 58,000 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 1 paired event3,000$7.45$22,3505,817,808Oct 5, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $7.45 · code M · owned after 5,817,808 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock3,000$36.50$109,5005,814,808Oct 5, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $36.50 · code S · owned after 5,814,808 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) · 1 paired event3,000—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—61,000Oct 5, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy): 3,000 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 61,000 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 1 paired event2,200$7.45$16,3905,817,008Oct 1, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 2,200 shares at $7.45 · code M · owned after 5,817,008 · Paired event: 2,200 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 2,200 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock2,200$36.77$80,8945,814,808Oct 1, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 2,200 shares at $36.77 · code S · owned after 5,814,808 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) · 1 paired event2,200—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—64,000Oct 1, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy): 2,200 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 64,000 · Paired event: 2,200 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 2,200 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 1 paired event800$7.45$5,9605,815,608Sep 30, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 800 shares at $7.45 · code M · owned after 5,815,608 · Paired event: 800 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 800 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock800$36.51$29,2085,814,808Sep 30, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 800 shares at $36.51 · code S · owned after 5,814,808 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) · 1 paired event800—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—66,200Sep 30, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy): 800 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 66,200 · Paired event: 800 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 800 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 1 paired event3,000$7.45$22,3505,817,808Sep 21, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $7.45 · code M · owned after 5,817,808 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock3,000$36.74$110,2205,814,808Sep 21, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $36.74 · code S · owned after 5,814,808 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) · 1 paired event3,000—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—67,000Sep 21, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy): 3,000 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 67,000 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 1 paired event3,000$7.45$22,3505,817,808Sep 14, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $7.45 · code M · owned after 5,817,808 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock3,000$37.9318$113,7955,814,808Sep 14, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $37.9318 · code S · owned after 5,814,808 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) · 1 paired event3,000—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—70,000Sep 14, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy): 3,000 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 70,000 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 1 paired event3,000$7.45$22,3505,817,808Sep 8, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $7.45 · code M · owned after 5,817,808 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock3,000$39.5898$118,7695,814,808Sep 8, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $39.5898 · code S · owned after 5,814,808 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) · 1 paired event3,000—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—73,000Sep 8, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy): 3,000 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 73,000 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
Jampol ThadChief Product OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock5,000$41.8021$209,010See lot detailSep 2, 2026
2 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,804 shares at $41.6615 · code S · owned after 934,781 ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 1,196 shares at $42.2491 · code S · owned after 933,585 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 1 paired event3,000$7.45$22,3505,817,808Aug 31, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $7.45 · code M · owned after 5,817,808 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock3,000$43.27$129,8105,814,808Aug 31, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $43.27 · code S · owned after 5,814,808 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) · 1 paired event3,000—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—76,000Aug 31, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy): 3,000 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 76,000 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
Sedgwick Dustin de ForestChief Marketing OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock1,474$41.2149$60,751See lot detailAug 24, 2026
2 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 274 shares at $40.7142 · code S · owned after 23,312 ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 1,200 shares at $41.3292 · code S · owned after 22,112 ·
MORTON DAVID H JRChief Financial OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock10,000$40.8816$408,816120,074Aug 24, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 10,000 shares at $40.8816 · code S · owned after 120,074 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 1 paired event3,000$7.45$22,3505,880,610Aug 24, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $7.45 · code M · owned after 5,880,610 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock65,802$41.1963$2,710,800See lot detailAug 24, 2026
2 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 18,957 shares at $40.8568 · code S · owned after 5,861,653 ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 46,845 shares at $41.3337 · code S · owned after 5,814,808 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) · 1 paired event3,000—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—79,000Aug 24, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy): 3,000 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 79,000 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
Sedgwick Dustin de ForestChief Marketing OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 2 paired events16,113—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
2 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 4,863 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 18,677 · Paired event: 4,863 Restricted Share Units → 4,863 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 11,250 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 29,927 · Paired event: 11,250 Restricted Share Units → 11,250 Common Stock ·
Sedgwick Dustin de ForestChief Marketing OfficerPayment of exercise price or tax liability (F)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock6,341$40.09$254,21123,586Aug 20, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 6,341 shares at $40.09 · code F · owned after 23,586 ·
Sedgwick Dustin de ForestChief Marketing OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Restricted Share Units · 2 paired events16,113—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
2 filed lots
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 4,863 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 58,350 · Paired event: 4,863 Restricted Share Units → 4,863 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 11,250 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 67,500 · Paired event: 11,250 Restricted Share Units → 11,250 Common Stock ·
MORTON DAVID H JRChief Financial OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 4 paired events28,495—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
4 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 8,698 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 157,611 · Paired event: 8,698 Restricted Share Units → 8,698 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 4,548 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 162,159 · Paired event: 4,548 Restricted Share Units → 4,548 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 2,749 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 164,908 · Paired event: 2,749 Restricted Share Units → 2,749 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 12,500 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 177,408 · Paired event: 12,500 Restricted Share Units → 12,500 Common Stock ·
MORTON DAVID H JRChief Financial OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Restricted Share Units · 4 paired events28,495—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
4 filed lots
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 12,500 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 75,000 · Paired event: 12,500 Restricted Share Units → 12,500 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 8,698 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 43,494 · Paired event: 8,698 Restricted Share Units → 8,698 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 4,548 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 18,215 · Paired event: 4,548 Restricted Share Units → 4,548 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 2,749 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 22,005 · Paired event: 2,749 Restricted Share Units → 2,749 Common Stock ·
MORTON DAVID H JRChief Financial OfficerPayment of exercise price or tax liability (F)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock47,334$40.09$1,897,620130,074Aug 20, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 47,334 shares at $40.09 · code F · owned after 130,074 ·
Jampol ThadChief Product OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 3 paired events20,231—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
3 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,257 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 948,222 · Paired event: 3,257 Restricted Share Units → 3,257 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 1,974 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 950,196 · Paired event: 1,974 Restricted Share Units → 1,974 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 15,000 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 965,196 · Paired event: 15,000 Restricted Share Units → 15,000 Common Stock ·
Jampol ThadChief Product OfficerPayment of exercise price or tax liability (F)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock26,611$40.09$1,066,835938,585Aug 20, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 26,611 shares at $40.09 · code F · owned after 938,585 ·
Jampol ThadChief Product OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Restricted Share Units · 3 paired events20,231—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
3 filed lots
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 3,257 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 13,044 · Paired event: 3,257 Restricted Share Units → 3,257 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 1,974 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 15,804 · Paired event: 1,974 Restricted Share Units → 1,974 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 15,000 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 90,000 · Paired event: 15,000 Restricted Share Units → 15,000 Common Stock ·
Harrison David BenjaminPresident, IndustriesExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 3 paired events15,890—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
3 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 2,890 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 66,151 · Paired event: 2,890 Restricted Share Units → 2,890 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 1,750 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 67,901 · Paired event: 1,750 Restricted Share Units → 1,750 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 11,250 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 79,151 · Paired event: 11,250 Restricted Share Units → 11,250 Common Stock ·
Harrison David BenjaminPresident, IndustriesPayment of exercise price or tax liability (F)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock23,268$40.09$932,81455,883Aug 20, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 23,268 shares at $40.09 · code F · owned after 55,883 ·
Harrison David BenjaminPresident, IndustriesExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Restricted Share Units · 3 paired events15,890—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
3 filed lots
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 2,890 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 11,576 · Paired event: 2,890 Restricted Share Units → 2,890 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 1,750 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 14,003 · Paired event: 1,750 Restricted Share Units → 1,750 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 11,250 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 67,500 · Paired event: 11,250 Restricted Share Units → 11,250 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 3 paired events42,053—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
3 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 8,605 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 5,909,223 · Paired event: 8,605 Restricted Share Units → 8,605 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 5,948 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 5,915,171 · Paired event: 5,948 Restricted Share Units → 5,948 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 27,500 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 5,942,671 · Paired event: 27,500 Restricted Share Units → 27,500 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerPayment of exercise price or tax liability (F)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock65,061$40.09$2,608,2955,877,610Aug 20, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 65,061 shares at $40.09 · code F · owned after 5,877,610 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Restricted Share Units · 3 paired events42,053—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
3 filed lots
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 8,605 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 34,461 · Paired event: 8,605 Restricted Share Units → 8,605 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 5,948 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 47,610 · Paired event: 5,948 Restricted Share Units → 5,948 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 27,500 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 165,000 · Paired event: 27,500 Restricted Share Units → 27,500 Common Stock ·
Coleman Donald F.Chief Operating OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 3 paired events16,281—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
3 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,132 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 565,429 · Paired event: 3,132 Restricted Share Units → 3,132 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 1,899 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 567,328 · Paired event: 1,899 Restricted Share Units → 1,899 Common Stock ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 11,250 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 578,578 · Paired event: 11,250 Restricted Share Units → 11,250 Common Stock ·
Coleman Donald F.Chief Operating OfficerPayment of exercise price or tax liability (F)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock24,296$40.09$974,027554,282Aug 20, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 24,296 shares at $40.09 · code F · owned after 554,282 ·
Coleman Donald F.Chief Operating OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Restricted Share Units · 3 paired events16,281—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—See lot detailAug 20, 2026
3 filed lots
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 3,132 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 12,543 · Paired event: 3,132 Restricted Share Units → 3,132 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 1,899 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 15,204 · Paired event: 1,899 Restricted Share Units → 1,899 Common Stock ·
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 11,250 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 67,500 · Paired event: 11,250 Restricted Share Units → 11,250 Common Stock ·
Sedgwick Dustin de ForestChief Marketing OfficerGrant, award, or other acquisition (A)Table II · Acquired · Restricted Share Units44,100—Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)—44,100Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 44,100 shares at — (Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)) · code A · owned after 44,100 ·
Neble George RDirectorOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock2,624$40.00$104,96030,465Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 2,624 shares at $40.00 · code S · owned after 30,465 ·
MORTON DAVID H JRChief Financial OfficerGrant, award, or other acquisition (A)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock64,523—Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)—148,913Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 64,523 shares at — (Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)) · code A · owned after 148,913 ·
MORTON DAVID H JRChief Financial OfficerGrant, award, or other acquisition (A)Table II · Acquired · Restricted Share Units60,300—Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)—60,300Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 60,300 shares at — (Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)) · code A · owned after 60,300 ·
Jampol ThadChief Product OfficerGrant, award, or other acquisition (A)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock32,058—Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)—944,965Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 32,058 shares at — (Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)) · code A · owned after 944,965 ·
Jampol ThadChief Product OfficerGrant, award, or other acquisition (A)Table II · Acquired · Restricted Share Units46,800—Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)—46,800Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 46,800 shares at — (Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)) · code A · owned after 46,800 ·
Harrison David BenjaminPresident, IndustriesGrant, award, or other acquisition (A)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock29,675—Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)—63,261Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 29,675 shares at — (Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)) · code A · owned after 63,261 ·
Harrison David BenjaminPresident, IndustriesGrant, award, or other acquisition (A)Table II · Acquired · Restricted Share Units41,400—Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)—41,400Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 41,400 shares at — (Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)) · code A · owned after 41,400 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerGrant, award, or other acquisition (A)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock85,810—Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)—5,900,618Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 85,810 shares at — (Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)) · code A · owned after 5,900,618 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerGrant, award, or other acquisition (A)Table II · Acquired · Restricted Share Units144,000—Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)—144,000Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 144,000 shares at — (Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)) · code A · owned after 144,000 ·
Coleman Donald F.Chief Operating OfficerGrant, award, or other acquisition (A)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock31,458—Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)—562,297Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 31,458 shares at — (Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)) · code A · owned after 562,297 ·
Coleman Donald F.Chief Operating OfficerGrant, award, or other acquisition (A)Table II · Acquired · Restricted Share Units45,000—Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)—45,000Aug 19, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Restricted Share Units: 45,000 shares at — (Grant, award, or other acquisition (A)) · code A · owned after 45,000 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 1 paired event3,000$7.45$22,3505,817,808Aug 17, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $7.45 · code M · owned after 5,817,808 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock3,000$39.0617$117,185See lot detailAug 17, 2026
2 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 1,700 shares at $38.7748 · code S · owned after 5,816,108 ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 1,300 shares at $39.4369 · code S · owned after 5,814,808 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) · 1 paired event3,000—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—82,000Aug 17, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy): 3,000 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 82,000 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
MORTON DAVID H JRChief Financial OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock20,000$40.7152$814,304See lot detailAug 13, 2026
2 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 18,800 shares at $40.6969 · code S · owned after 85,590 ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 1,200 shares at $41.0017 · code S · owned after 84,390 ·
Jampol ThadChief Product OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock25,000$40.7606$1,019,014See lot detailAug 13, 2026
2 filed lots
  • Table I · Common Stock: 23,800 shares at $40.7485 · code S · owned after 914,107 ·
  • Table I · Common Stock: 1,200 shares at $41.00 · code S · owned after 912,907 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table I · Acquired · Common Stock · 1 paired event3,000$7.45$22,3505,817,808Aug 10, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $7.45 · code M · owned after 5,817,808 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerOpen-market or private sale (S)Table I · Disposed · Common Stock3,000$37.04$111,1205,814,808Aug 10, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table I · Common Stock: 3,000 shares at $37.04 · code S · owned after 5,814,808 ·
HALL JOHN TDirector, Chief Executive OfficerExercise or conversion of derivative security (M)Table II · Disposed · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) · 1 paired event3,000—Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)—85,000Aug 10, 2026
1 filed lot
  • Table II · Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy): 3,000 shares at — (Exercise or conversion of derivative security (M)) · code M · owned after 85,000 · Paired event: 3,000 Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy) → 3,000 Common Stock ·

Source-event as of . Retrieved .

Track record

How INTAPP, INC.’s moat rated in each of the years we can reconstruct from its filings — scored only on what was knowable at the time — and what its price and returns did afterward. The score never saw a price; the two are joined only in hindsight, for education, not as a signal.

Point-in-time scores 2021–2025, one methodology version · reconstructed from filings on file each Dec 31 — never with hindsight

Point-in-time Moat Score (dot colored by tier)Indexed price (total-return (dividends reinvested))Rated Wide-moat that year

How to read this: each dot is what the engine would have scored INTA on that December 31; the line below is its total-return price path (dividends reinvested) in the years since.

0406080100WideNarrowShallowNo moatPoint-in-time Moat Score100200Indexed price · log scale (2022 = 100)202120222023202420252026

Two tracks, one timeline: the score has its own 0–100 scale (top), the price its own 100-based scale (bottom) — never a shared axis. The price path is a total-return (dividends reinvested) index built from the same data the forward returns use; gaps in the score line are years with no reconstructed rating (see the table for why). The Table view carries every value.

What followed, in the years it rated Wide

In the reconstructed history shown, INTA did not rate Wide-moat in any year, so there is no wide-moat track record to report. That absence is itself the honest answer — we don’t manufacture a comparison where the rating never earned one.

Technology context

#274 of 752 scored Technology companies, ranked by Moat Score.

Nearest peers by Moat Score

  1. #272FROG JFrog Ltd.51.8 out of 100, Shallow moatShallow moat
  2. #273NXDR Nextdoor Holdings, Inc51.8 out of 100, Shallow moatShallow moat
  3. #275SABR Sabre Corporation51.7 out of 100, Shallow moatShallow moat
  4. #276IPGP IPG PHOTONICS CORP51.3 out of 100, Shallow moatShallow moat

Compare INTA with its nearest peers →All Technology companies on the Index →

Common questions about INTA

Does INTAPP, INC. have an economic moat?
Based on its FY2026 SEC filings, the Moat Index scores INTAPP, INC. (INTA) 51.7 out of 100 — a Shallow moat. The five questions behind that score begin at 20% each; if exactly one genuinely lacks data, the other four weights are renormalized and disclosed. revenue and EPS trend 65, pricing power 95, returns on capital 0, balance-sheet safety 55, capital allocation 44.
How has INTA's Moat Score changed over time?
The record logs 30 readings since Jul 17, 2026; the latest reads 51.7 out of 100 (shallow moat). No tier changes on record yet. (Methodology or normalizer upgrades on Jul 20, 2026, Jul 23, 2026, Jul 26, 2026 re-based the score; readings across versions aren't compared.) The history is append-only — readings are only ever added, never rewritten.