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INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP

IBM · Technology · $220.1B mkt cap · FY2025 filings · · Shallow moat ·

Doesn't clear the bar

Shallow moat
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The five investor questions

78

2021–2025 (latest 5 aligned FYs; v3 window cap 5): revenue $57.4B to $67.5B, increasing; diluted EPS 6.35 to 11.17, increasing.

86

Median gross margin 54.8% over 10y, stable.

—

Not enough years of ROIC data to score returns on capital.

23

Net debt/EBITDA 3.1x, interest coverage 6x.

45

Owner earnings changed +1.5%/yr over up to the ten most recent annual observations.

The returnsOnCapital component abstained: Not enough years of ROIC data to score returns on capital. The other four 20% weights were renormalized over the scored 80%.

Price vs. value if growth stopped today

A cautious baseline, not a price target: what the shares may support if normalized owner earnings simply hold steady.

Above value if growth stopped todayBelow value if growth stopped today
96% above value if growth stopped today
$10.1B
$119.75
$193.99
$234.89
96% above value if growth stopped today

What today’s price assumes: owner earnings growing ~14%/yr over 5 years. The zero-growth estimate assumes owner earnings stay flat (0% growth).

How to read this

We solve for the constant annual change in owner earnings that would make the five-year zero-growth estimate equal today’s price. This keeps the existing model inputs and calculation unchanged; it is an expectations lens, not a forecast.

This zero-growth estimate assumes trailing owner earnings persist — unreliable for declining businesses. The recent FY revenue series does not trigger the three-consecutive-declines flag.

Among the current top-score group, the median current price is 235% above the zero-growth estimate across 49 of the current top 50 companies by Moat Score with both values.

Score records captured Sep 7, 2026.

Exactly which 50 companies?

FTNT, META, MEDP, IBEX, MSFT, GOOG, LULU, ANF, IDXX, TXRH, FHI, QLYS, FFIV, ADBE, LLY, MANH, VEEV, RMD, GRMN, PCTY, EAT, UI, SSD, MNST, DOCS, LRCX, MCO, CPRT, NTAP, NVDA, CORT, SFM, MPTI, ULTA, SN, ROL, CTAS, PAYC, IRMD, INTU, DECK, MORN, JKHY, TPR, LGCY, DAL, GWW, ISRG, MPWR, LOPE

Missing a usable price or zero-growth estimate: ANF.

Model details under moat-index@3.0.0: zero-growth multiple 11.1×, capped-growth comparison at no more than 18×; 9% discount rate; high-end growth 4% (capped at 4%) using min(5y revenue CAGR, 5y diluted-EPS CAGR), clamped to 0%–4%; maintenance capex uses min(capex, D&A); abstain when D&A is unavailable. This is a disclosed model range, not intrinsic value as fact.

20 years of fundamentals

The business, in plain English

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP booked $67.5B of revenue in FY2025 in the Technology sector and kept 58.2% of it as gross profit — a high-margin business by that measure. After every other cost, 15.7% of each revenue dollar reached the bottom line.

Across the filed record, revenue shrank from $98.8B (FY2007) to $67.5B (FY2025) — about −2.1% a year compounded over 18 years.

The balance sheet carried $67.7B of total debt in FY2025 against $14.5B of owner earnings — roughly 4.7 years of owner earnings to retire it all. Balance-Sheet Safety scores it 23/100.

This breakdown is generated from the filed numbers and sub-scores above — no outside narrative, no estimates. Where a filing doesn’t disclose an input, the sentence that would need it is omitted instead of guessed.

FY2006–FY2025 · 20 fiscal years, normalized from IBM’s SEC filings

Sales, as filed$67.5B FY2025
$0$50B$100B2006201320202025
Revenue kept after cost of goods58.2% FY2025
0%25%50%2006201320202025
Standard ROIC or separately labeled Operating ROIC

Exact FY and FY-1 financing invested-capital inputs are required.. Current-year EBIT, tax expense, and non-zero pretax income are required for standard ROIC.

Exact FY and FY-1 financing invested-capital inputs are required.. Current-year EBIT, tax expense, and non-zero pretax income are required for standard ROIC.

Cash an owner could take out$14.5B FY2025
$0$10B2006201320202025

The explained ROIC gaps have filed inputs but no meaningful positive invested-capital denominator. Other gaps mean the item is not in the filings for that year. The series is never interpolated or estimated. The Table view lists every filed value, including operating and net margins, total debt, and share count.

Flagship explainer

How INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP makes its money

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP's filing does not supply enough comparable lines for a truthful flow chart — here's what is filed:

Table alternative
Filed lineValue% of revenueSource
$67.5B100%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Cost of revenue$28.2B42%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
$39.3B58%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Income before tax$10.3B15%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Income tax−$242M−0%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
$10.6B16%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Source:
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
· event Dec 31, 2025 · retrieved Sep 7, 2026 · annual-row source set

Flagship explainer

What INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP owns — and owes

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP's filing tags don't support a full breakdown — here's what is filed:

Table alternative
Filed lineValue% of assetsSource
Total assets$151.9B100%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Cash and equivalents$13.6B9%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
$67.7B45%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Stockholders’ equity$32.6B21%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Source:
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
· event Dec 31, 2025 · retrieved Sep 7, 2026 · annual-row source set

Flagship explainer

What drives INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP’s return on equity?

One or more filed inputs needed for the five-factor decomposition are unavailable.

DuPont source inputs
InputValueFiscal yearSource
Net income$10.6BFY2025
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Income before tax$10.3BFY2025
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Operating incomeUnavailableFY2025
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Revenue$67.5BFY2025
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Ending assets$151.9BFY2025
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Beginning assets$137.2BFY2024
  • 10-K · FY 2024Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-25-000015 · filed Feb 25, 2025
  • 10-K · FY 2024Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Ending equity$32.6BFY2025
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Beginning equity$27.3BFY2024
  • 10-K · FY 2024Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-25-000015 · filed Feb 25, 2025
  • 10-K · FY 2024Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Source: · event Dec 31, 2025 · retrieved Sep 7, 2026 · annual-row source set

Flagship explainer

Where INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP's cash went

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP’s filing does not supply enough provenance-matched cash-flow lines for a truthful flow chart — here’s what is filed:

Table alternative
Filed lineValue% of cash from operationsSource
Cash from operations$13.2B100%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Depreciation and amortization$5.0B38%
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
Source:
  • 10-K · FY 2025Filing detailsAccession 0000051143-26-000010 · filed Feb 24, 2026
· event Dec 31, 2025 · retrieved Sep 7, 2026 · annual-row source set

Curated 19-manager tier

Who reported holding INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP

Delayed public 13F reports for 2026-Q2—not live positions, trades, or recommendations.

2 holding0 exited16 not holding18/19 resolved1 not retrieved

Named manager positions and quarter-over-quarter changes
ManagerReported positionQuarter-over-quarterFiling accession
Dodge & Cox45,995 shares$12.9M · 0% of eligible reported 13FTrimmed · -592 shares (−1%)
Mairs & Power3,647 shares$1M · 0% of eligible reported 13FUnchanged · 0 shares (0%)
Abrams CapitalNo position reportedNo position reported
Akre CapitalNo position reportedNo position reported
Baupost GroupNo position reportedNo position reported
Berkshire HathawayNo position reportedNo position reported
Brave Warrior AdvisorsNo position reportedNo position reported
First EagleNo position reportedNo position reported
FundsmithNo position reportedNo position reported
Gardner Russo & QuinnNo position reportedNo position reported
Gates Foundation TrustNo position reportedNo position reported
Markel / Markel-GaynerNo position reportedNo position reported
Oakmark / Harris AssociatesNo position reportedNo position reported
Polen CapitalNo position reportedNo position reported
Sequoia / Ruane CunniffNo position reportedNo position reported
Southeastern Asset ManagementNo position reportedNo position reported
Tweedy, BrowneNo position reportedNo position reported
Yacktman Asset ManagementNo position reportedNo position reported
Pershing SquareNot retrievedComparison not retrievedFiling not retrieved

Position size uses shares and filed value from each manager’s 13F. Portfolio weight uses the eligible long-share filing denominator. Changes compare only with the immediately preceding calendar quarter.

Source:
37 SEC filings
  1. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000813917-26-000038 · filed May 15, 2026
  2. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000813917-26-000042 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  3. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000860643-26-000003 · filed May 13, 2026
  4. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000860643-26-000005 · filed Aug 13, 2026
  5. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000905567-26-000002 · filed May 1, 2026
  6. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000905567-26-000003 · filed Aug 11, 2026
  7. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000919574-26-003132 · filed May 15, 2026
  8. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0000919574-26-005176 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  9. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001061768-26-000007 · filed May 14, 2026
  10. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001061768-26-000010 · filed Aug 13, 2026
  11. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001096343-26-000044 · filed May 1, 2026
  12. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001096343-26-000065 · filed Jul 31, 2026
  13. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001104659-26-062592 · filed May 15, 2026
  14. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001104659-26-097175 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  15. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001112520-26-000009 · filed May 14, 2026
  16. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001112520-26-000014 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  17. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-001819 · filed May 14, 2026
  18. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-001911 · filed May 14, 2026
  19. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-001966 · filed May 14, 2026
  20. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-002294 · filed May 15, 2026
  21. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-003035 · filed Aug 4, 2026
  22. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-003402 · filed Aug 13, 2026
  23. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-003496 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  24. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001172661-26-003728 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  25. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-208439 · filed May 6, 2026
  26. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-223352 · filed May 14, 2026
  27. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-226661 · filed May 15, 2026
  28. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-340443 · filed Aug 7, 2026
  29. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-349535 · filed Aug 13, 2026
  30. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001193125-26-352200 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  31. 13F-HR/A · Q1 2026 · Amendment RESTATEMENTFiling detailsAccession 0001325447-26-000018 · filed May 14, 2026
  32. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001325447-26-000020 · filed Aug 5, 2026
  33. 13F-HR/A · Q2 2026 · Amendment NEW HOLDINGSFiling detailsAccession 0001325447-26-000033 · filed Aug 24, 2026
  34. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001398344-26-009296 · filed May 15, 2026
  35. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001398344-26-014641 · filed Aug 14, 2026
  36. 13F-HR · Q1 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001569205-26-000005 · filed May 15, 2026
  37. 13F-HR · Q2 2026Filing detailsAccession 0001569205-26-000012 · filed Aug 14, 2026
· event Jun 30, 2026 · retrieved Sep 7, 2026

Flagship explainer

What INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP insiders reported

We could not retrieve insider activity for this rendering; no zero-activity claim is shown.

Unavailable: Form 4 activity could not be retrieved for this rendering.

Moat Score history

18 logged readings since Jul 17, 2026 · append-only, never rewritten

Moat Score over timeLast scored reading of each day, on the 0–100 scale58.0 / 100
0406080100WideNarrowShallowNo moatJul 26, 2026Sep 7, 2026

Tier changesSame-methodology and same-normalizer crossings of the Wide / Narrow / Shallow bars

  1. Normalizer upgraded unstamped (version unknown)moat-xbrl-normalizer@1.1.0 — readings across versions aren’t comparedJul 26, 2026
  2. Methodology upgraded moat-index@2.0.0moat-index@3.0.0 — readings across versions aren’t comparedJul 23, 2026
  3. Methodology upgraded moat-index@1.2.0moat-index@2.0.0 — readings across versions aren’t comparedJul 20, 2026

Scores are logged append-only and never overwritten — this record cannot be reconstructed retroactively, which is exactly why it’s worth keeping.

Insider activity

Form 4 reports mix P/S market or private transactions with compensation-plan mechanics. Activity casually described as “insider selling” can include compensation mechanics; awards, tax withholding, and option exercises are shown by their exact filed class here, never collapsed into “Bought” or “Sold.”

These are disclosed filing facts and arithmetic aggregates, not a signal or verdict.

The insider-filing service is temporarily unavailable, so no partial or guessed answer is shown for IBM.

Track record

How INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP’s moat rated in each of the years we can reconstruct from its filings — scored only on what was knowable at the time — and what its price and returns did afterward. The score never saw a price; the two are joined only in hindsight, for education, not as a signal.

Point-in-time scores 2011–2025, one methodology version · reconstructed from filings on file each Dec 31 — never with hindsight

Point-in-time Moat Score (dot colored by tier)Indexed price (total-return (dividends reinvested))Rated Wide-moat that year

How to read this: each dot is what the engine would have scored IBM on that December 31; the line below is its total-return price path (dividends reinvested) in the years since.

0406080100WideNarrowShallowNo moatPoint-in-time Moat Score100Indexed price · log scale 201120142017202020232025

Two tracks, one timeline: the score has its own 0–100 scale (top), the price its own 100-based scale (bottom) — never a shared axis. The indexed price path isn't available for this company yet; gaps in the score line are years with no reconstructed rating (see the table for why). The Table view carries every value.

What followed, in the years it rated Wide

In the reconstructed history shown, IBM did not rate Wide-moat in any year, so there is no wide-moat track record to report. That absence is itself the honest answer — we don’t manufacture a comparison where the rating never earned one.

Technology context

#211 of 749 scored Technology companies, ranked by Moat Score.

Nearest peers by Moat Score

  1. #209PRKR PARKERVISION, INC.58.5Shallow moat
  2. #210TRIP TRIPADVISOR, INC.58.4Shallow moat
  3. #212NTCT NETSCOUT SYSTEMS, INC.57.8Shallow moat
  4. #213INVU Investview, Inc.57.7Shallow moat

Compare IBM with its nearest peers →All Technology companies on the Index →

Common questions about IBM

Does INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP have an economic moat?
Based on its FY2025 SEC filings, the Moat Index scores INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP (IBM) 58.0 out of 100 — a Shallow moat. The five questions behind that score begin at 20% each; if exactly one genuinely lacks data, the other four weights are renormalized and disclosed. revenue and EPS trend 78, pricing power 86, returns on capital not measurable from the filings, balance-sheet safety 23, capital allocation 45.
Is IBM trading below the conservative owner-earnings estimate?
The value if growth stopped today — a zero-growth baseline — is $119.75 per share. It capitalizes normalized owner earnings at a 9% rate and assumes 0% growth. Versus a recent price of $234.89, that is 96% above value if growth stopped today. The model also publishes a capped-growth comparison, but the zero-growth estimate is the cautious baseline. It assumes trailing owner earnings persist and is unreliable for declining businesses. This is an educational estimate from primary SEC filings, not intrinsic value as a fact or investment advice.
How has IBM's Moat Score changed over time?
The record logs 18 readings since Jul 17, 2026; the latest reads 58.0 out of 100 (shallow moat). No tier changes on record yet. (Methodology or normalizer upgrades on Jul 20, 2026, Jul 23, 2026, Jul 26, 2026 re-based the score; readings across versions aren't compared.) The history is append-only — readings are only ever added, never rewritten.

Scored from primary SEC filings via the public methodology. Educational only — not a recommendation to buy or sell IBM. See the disclaimer.